Types of Research Sample-प्रतिदर्शन - न्यादर्श -नमूना -प्रतिचयन- UGC NET
जब शोधकर्ता(Researcher) अपने शोध के लिए जीवसंख्या(Population) से कुछ निश्चित संख्या में सदस्यों , वस्तुओं(Items) का चयन करलेता है तो उसे न्यादर्श(Sample) कहते हैं ।
When a researcher select the members / items in some definite numbers for the research is called sample.
परिभाषा - "किसी जीवसंख्या या समिष्ट(POPULATION) से उसी जीवसंख्या के प्रतिनिधि के रूप में किसी संख्या का चयन करना प्रतिदर्शन(Sample) कहलाता है ।" - करलिंगर
" एक न्यादर्श सम्पूर्ण समूह का एक निम्नतम प्रतिनिधित्व है । " - गुड एवं हैट
Parameter ( पैरामीटर ) - सम्पूर्ण जनसंख्या का सीधे अध्ययन करना ।
The direct study of the whole population.
Statistics ( सांख्यिकी ) - सम्पूर्ण जनसंख्या से Sample लेकर अध्ययन करना ।
The study of sample collected from the population
Steps Of Sampling -
1- Defining the Population
2- Listing the Population.
3- Selection of a sample
4- Obtaining an adequate Sample
Theory of Sampling is Theory of Induction ( Particular to General)
Characteristics of a good sample -
- The sample must be representative of the Population.
- The sample size should be according to research objectives
- The Sample should be flexible
- The sample reflect all members of the population
- The Sample size should be large
- The sample should be unbiased
- The sample should be chosen in a systematically random way
Types of Research Sample / Methods of Sampling -
There are mainly two methods of sampling -
A- Probability / Random sampling
- The equal and known possibility of selection in sampling
- The population size should be known
- The number of samples should be fixed
- The sample plan required
- The generalization of results are possible
- Able to find the magnitude error
- Higher possibility of error if the population is small
1- Simple Random sampling
2- Stratified Random Sampling
3- Area or Cluster Sampling
4- Multistage Sampling
5- Systematic Sampling ( qualities of both probability and Non probability sampling )
B- Non Probability / Purposive Sampling
- There is no equal and known possibility of selection in sampling
- The researcher select the items and members according to his own interest
- Less time , Less money and easy process
- The sample plan not required
- The generalization of results are not possible
- The selection possibility is equal for every member of the Population
- The selection a member is not depend on any other member of the population
- Every member has the freely chance of selection
- In this method The LAW OF CHANCE applied
- In this type of sampling the researcher try to select the sample according to identified qualities of the population.
- The structure of population should be decided
- the researcher first divided his whole population in to different strata and makes small homogenous groups
- A population can be stratified on many grounds such as age ,sex , grade , economic condition , place, caste , occupation etc.
there are two types of STRS -
A - Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling ( PSTRS) -
- The real representation of population
- Higher possibility of generalization
- Less sampling error
- More efficiency
- Classification error occurred
- It is a sampling plan
- In this plan the researcher select the persons or items on the basis of same proportion of population and person qualities .
- Uses- Army Service , Administrative Service , and all the areas where the Rank or Level applied
- The population divided in to many small levels on the basis of identified qualities
- The selection of persons is in same numbers on the each level of population .
- Randomly selection on the each level of population
- On the some levels the representation of persons may be more or less
- In this the highest chance of classification error
- The quality of Generalization is less than Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling .
- In this sampling the researcher organize systematically random sampling with units and subunits of the population
- Large area , Scattered Area and large population
- Quality of replacement occurred
- Maximum uses in survey research
- uses - In large Survey ,Small survey , Public Opinion
- It is flexible
- Higher sampling error possibilities
- Less efficiency
- Not reliable
- This sampling have the quality of Probability and Traits of Non probability .
- It has the quality of randomization
- In this method the researcher prepared a group with the selection of every nth person from the Pre decided list
- The list should be prepared first
- Uses- Sociology and Psychology researches
- This is similar to Stratified Random Sampling .
- In this we also divided the population in many levels / strata on the basis of qualities
- The researcher select the person / items randomly according to self interest or need from each level
- This is used to obtain concrete and fast result
- It is compulsory to include some people from each level / strata so it also called Representative sample
- The external validity occurred in results
- The researcher classified items according to own interest not according to rule
- The higher willfulness occurred
- Used in Sociology , Anthropology , Social psychology
- It is most rough and rude sampling method
- In this method the researcher include all the members or items in sampling which are easily available .
- It is closure to Quota sampling
- The parameter of sample selection are -
- It is more biased method
- It is less expensive
- In this Method the participation of all members are guaranteed who are true representative of the population
- The sample selection is willingly
- It is called Purposive because the selected members helps to researcher to complete the purpose
- It is also called Judgmental because the researcher takes the decision of member s selection by himself
- Uses - Political science , Economics , Psychology , to know the Voting behavior.
- Nature is Sociometrical
- It is used to study the informal social relation among the persons of society
- The people connected with each other just like a Network
- It can be used for a limited / small group of people
- The number of people should not be more than 100
- It is shown like Communication Pattern
- In this method we can use Randomness
- It used to study the Behaivioural Problems and social changes
- The researcher include all the members of population according to his interest in the sample ( Saturation Sampling)
- The researcher select 50% members of the sample according to quality and own choice And other 50% members of the sample are randomly selected. ( Dense Sampling )
- For this method the population should not be more than 1000 .
- It is used for small population
- It should be representative in nature
- Adequate Size of sample
Sir ji , Good notes
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