Research at a glance - UGC NET

Research at a glance

Steps of  Research

 1-Area of Research  / Problem - A- Education ,  B- Agriculture  , C- Market Policy,  D- Environment etc.

2- Problem Identification - 

A- Literature review , 

B- Objectives ,  

C- Variables ( Dependent, Independent Relevant, Intervening , Active , Attribute variables etc.) ,    

D- Hypothesis( Null , simple , Complex, Universal, Existential , Causal ,Descriptive , Research and Statistical hypothesis ) 

3-Research Design -

A- Experimental, 

B-Non Experimental

C-Research Types ( Basic, Applied, Action ,Descriptive , Ex-post-Facto, Historical, Correlation , Exploratory, Explanatory , Experimental, Quantitative, Qualitative , Case Study , Ethnography  ) 

4- Data collection tools - 

A- Data Types,  

B- Data Collection Methods / Tools (Observation , Rating Scale, questionnaire , Schedule , Interview , case study , Content analysis , Sociometrical , Projective, Semantic deferential Scale , Q sort , Performance test )    

5- Sample Design  selection -

A- Probability Sampling- ( Simple Random , Stratified Random ,Area / Cluster ,Multistage , *Systematic sampling )

B - Non Probability sampling-  ( Quota , Accidental / Incidental , Purposive , *Systematic, Snowball , Saturation , Dense sampling , Double sampling ) 

Note - Systematic sampling have both characteristics of Probability and Non probability sampling . 

6- Writing a Research proposal - A- Need of Research , B- Benefits of research , C - sample type , D -Funds 

7- Data  collection -  By using (Observation , Rating Scale, questionnaire , Schedule , Interview , case study , Content analysis , Sociometrical , Projective, Semantic deferential Scale , Q sort , Performance test )    

8- Data Analysis - A- coding,

B- Data classification , 

C- Tabulation ,

D-Analysis ( Reliability test, validity test , Rank Order, Attitude scales - Equal Interval , summative Rating , Scalogram , Social distance scale , Scale discrimination.)

Parametric Statistics - Mean , T-test, F- test , Standard deviation , Interval scale , Ratio Scale 

Sign Test , 

Non Parametric Statistics - Median , Mode, Percentile, Rank difference method- ( Spearman , Kendal) , U-Test , Ordinal scale , Nominal scale , NPC, Skewness and Kurtosis,

E- Hypothesis Testing-  (One tailed test, Two tailed test , Z- score , Level of significance , Type one error, Type two error , Degree of freedom , NPC, Skewness and Kurtosis, ,  Standard Error ) 

Correlation methods - Poduct - moment coorelation , Rank difference method , Coefficient of concordance , Biserial coorelation Point biserial correlation, Tetrachoric correlation , Phi- coefficient , Coefficient of contingency , Partial correlation , Correlation ratio , Multiple Correlation .

ANOVA

F - Generalizations 

9-Writing a Research Report - The complete details and conclusions of the Research